Born as a weapon in the new Cold War, America’s chip blockade has become the forge of China’s self-reliance.
The United States sought to cripple China’s semiconductor sector with sweeping export bans.
Instead, the embargo triggered an unprecedented mobilization across China’s industry, universities, and state planners. Within three years, Beijing had rebuilt its chip ecosystem, advanced its AI capacity, and turned an intended chokehold into the architecture of technological self-reliance.